نشریه مطالعات ملی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 82، تابستان 1399)

One of the most popular views among scholars of sociology and political science on ethnic and national identity is the theory of Primordialism. Against this theory there are opposing views. In order to get the correct insight it is necessary to examine this theory. In the meantime, there are questions: Firstly, what is the Primordialism claim, Secondly, Is this claim admissible in the context of reason and revelation or not. This theory is described in three ways by three approaches: naturalistic, biological and culture-based: A. "Ethnic identity is an old and essential phenomenon", B. "Ethnic identity is an old phenomenon and social biology", C. "Ethnic identities are formed from attachment to cultural ideas that are eternal". Citation by proof method as well as analysis of Qur'anic verses has criticized the claim of all three approaches. And concludes that ethnic identity is not essential, primordial, biological, natural and innate, But this identity is shaped by attachment to cultural ideas, and can be changed.

One of the darkest scenes of Iranian history in the Qajar dynasty is the defeat of the Russians and acceptance the two shameful Golestan and Turkmanchay treaties which as a result of these two treaties large parts of the Iranian territory were separated and became Russian-owned. Literature as an art was not far from the Event and was affected by this. Surkhay Khan Laksy was one of the Iranian commanders in the war with the Russians, who even after the treaty of Gulistan had been demanding to fight with the Russians so that he might be able to clear some of the scandal of the previous defeats. He chanted an Arabic poem and depicts the situation in Iran and the lost lands of Iran and mourns the lost cities of the Caucasus like the poets of Andalusia. And wants Iranian compatriots and soldiers not to trust the enemy and don`t be hopeful to this Peace Treaty and continue to fight (Jihad) with the infidels. This poem conveys to the reader, in simple and fluent words and expressions feelings of sorrow and the sense of losing the Persian lands and it gives a complete picture of the situation in Iran and its lost cities. The following text corrects and translates this poem.

The national identity is the collective, historical consciousness of a particular national community of itself as a cultural-political entity in its own right. This consciousness includes collective perceptions or images about the place of the nation in the world and its relations with others, a common territory, national culture, symbolization, common ceremonies, and its institutions particularly political and administrative organizations making the national unity possible. As discussed in the conceptual framework, the national identity, in any certain case, refers to an imaginary consciousness as a reference which is mediating between the collective mind and the objective world. The imaginary is the product of the collective experience and consciousness of a nation during its history. Examining the appearance and the permanence of the historical, cultural, and political image of Iran within the Iranians’ consciousness during the ancient and the medieval ages of Iranian history, this article explains the historical continuity of Iranian identity - in terms of the national identity before the nationalism. Building on Castoriadis's imaginary institutions' theory, this study provides evidence from Iranian history to explore the dynamics of Iranian identity throughout history.

Now, with the advent of the youth in the virtual space and social networks, these networks, have had a profound effect on them. One of the important aspects that is influenced by virtual social networks is identity. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between the use of mobile-based social networks (Facebook and Telegram) with the formation of a modern personal identity among the youth of Ardabil. The main question of the research is what role does the use of Facebook and Telegram social networks play in the modern personal identity among the youth of Ardabil? The research method is survey. The statistical population of the study consists of all young people in Ardabil and Among them, 380 people were selected in the form of multi-stage clusters And were examined. The research findings showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the use of mobile social networks and modern identity components (Personal development, development of interpersonal communication system, development of choices and changes in the individual's value and preferential system, changes in connections, personal attachments and private sphere of life and immediate access or immediate culture). The highest correlation is related to individual development and the lowest correlation is related to the development of interpersonal communication. The results of the study showed that the expansion of the use of mobile-based networks leads to individuality and individualization.

The study sought to identify and classify the effective strategies in realizing the national production boom based on the Supreme Leader’s statements. Therefore, firstly, the effective strategies in realizing the production boom were identified by examining and analyzing the Supreme Leader’s statements in the last three decades, using grounded theory and coding methods. In the next step, using an analytical methodology called interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationships between strategies and their classifications were analyzed in an integrated manner. Considering the coding section, 13 strategies were identified in order to realize the national production boom including fighting the smuggling, reengineering of structures, supporting innovation and ingenuity in production, controlling import, managing resources and capitals, improving the industry and agriculture, improving the business environment, establishing effective interactions between industries and universities, paying attention to resourceful human capital, empowering entrepreneurs, supporting digital employment, supporting SMEs and removing barriers to production. Then, using the ISM technique and the questionnaire, these strategies were classified into 5 levels. The results showed that paying attention to resourceful human capital was the first to be noticed followed by reengineering of structures and fighting smuggling in the next stages.

National integration is considered as one of the main factors for the stability of political and social systems and one of the main goals and areas of political socialization in all political systems.National integration plays a key role in stabilizing the sovereignty, sustainability of the people, as well as the development and advancement of nations in their home country and even beyond in the international environment. Therefore, the present study aimed to achieve a model for national ethnic integration in Iran, using a data base theory approach, to create a national convergence theory and model appropriate to the needs of the country. For this purpose, during the exploratory interviews with 14 scientific and executive experts of the country, the model of national integration in Iran was designed.The designed model consists of five main dimensions: "Causes of national ethnic integration", "national ethnic integration Formation", "national ethnic integration Strategies", "Interfering Factors in national ethnic integration" and "Consequences of national ethnic integration" which each one of them illustrates the dimensions, components and constituents of the national integration of the ethnic groups.

The extent and distribution of studies with the subject of cultural capital and social identity, the importance of investigating the meta-analysis of scientific research in order to draw a comprehensive image of studies has been more evident and the necessity of using meta-analysis method is doubly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to apply a meta-analysis method to analyze the results of researches on cultural capital and social identity. The statistical society of this study included all scientific and research articles and researches in Iran in the field of investigating the relationship between cultural capital and social identity from the 1380 to the 1390 first half of the year. The selected research are done through survey in different statistical societies. First, the failure of the propagation and heterogeneity of the effect size were confirmed and then the sensitivity of the effect size and effect size coefficient and the role of the statistical society was investigated by using CMA software. The findings show that the average effect size or the effect of cultural capital on social identity is equivalent to 346.0, based on the interpretation system provided by Cohen, explanatory the effect size at the average level. In other words, cultural capital variable is an effective factor in the development of social identity of individuals.

Identity is the most important factor in Identification and every society or individual introduces itself through Identity. There are so many factors that may challenge and transform individual or national Identity. Identity is an important subject according to Political Geography of Cyberspace, and its protection and growth can be studied. This study seeks to answer this question of how Cyberspace can effect on National Identity. For this purpose, 10 articles are selected and by the Meta-analysis method have been reviewed. This comparison represents that the Cyberspace has a negative effect on the National Identity and 80 percent of the selected articles have proven this issue.